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Turtle Academy Lessons Programs Playground Challenges News anamachromics English Program 1 1 cool 2 smart 3 awsome 4 fantastic 5 nice 6 game player 7 ghost 8 army 9 black ops 10 fast 11 10 12 worn 13 good 14 4th grade 15 red 16 sun 17 big cats 18 lion 19 tiger 20 cheetah 21 leaperd 22 100% 23 rare 24 calone 25 never have 0-50 26 ​ 15lducheine You rated this program as Program total score is: 10 Output image 101mastrman - 57 seconds ago Akademia Żółwia Lekcje Programy Plac zabaw Challenges Wiadomości anamachromics Polski Program 1 1 cool 2 smart 3 awsome 4 fantastic 5 nice 6 game player 7 ghost 8 army 9 czarny ops 10 fast 11 10 12 worn 13 good 14 4th grade 15 czerwony 16 sun 17 big cats 18 lion 19 tiger 20 cheetah 21 leaperd 22 100% 23 rare 24 calone 25 never have 0-50 26 ​ 15lducheine You rated this program as Łączny wynik programu to: 10 Output image 101mastrman - 58 sekund temu Turtle Academy Lessons Programs Playground Challenges News anamachromics English Program 1 1 cool 2 smart 3 awsome 4 fantastic 5 nice 6 game player 7 ghost 8 army 9 black ops 10 fast 11 10 12 worn 13 good 14 4th grade 15 red 16 sun 17 big cats 18 lion 19 tiger 20 cheetah 21 leaperd 22 100% 23 rare 24 calone 25 never have 0-50 26 ​ 15lducheine You rated this program as Program total score is: 10 Output image 101mastrman - 1 second ago 101mastrman - 1 second ago 101mastrman - 1 second ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 24 seconds ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 1 minute ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 1 minute ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 enter your message here 101mastrman - 36 seconds ago 101mastrman - 1 second ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 24 seconds ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 1 minute ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 2 minutes ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 enter your message here markdown cheatsheet Turtle Motion forward X , fd X Moves the turtle x points Example: forward 50 Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle back X , bk X The turtle backs x points Example: back 50 Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle left X , lt X Rotate the turtle left x degrees Example: left 90 Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle right X , rt X Rotate the turtle right x degrees Example: right 90 Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle home Moves the turtle to center, pointing upwards Example: home Explained in lesson: Turtle world setx NUM_x Move turtle to the specified X location Example: setx 100 Explained in lesson: Turtle world sety NUM_y Move turtle to the specified Y location Example: sety 200 Explained in lesson: Turtle world setxy NUM_X NUM_Y , set pos [ NUM_X NUM_Y ] Move turtle to the specified location Example: setxy 100 100 Explained in lesson: Turtle world setheading , seth Rotate the turtle to the specified heading Example: sh 145 Explained in lesson: Turtle world arc ANGLE RADIUS Will create an arc distance RADIUS covering ANGLE angle Example: ARC 360 5 Explained in lesson: Turtle world ellipse WIDTH HEIGHT Will create an ellipse with Width and height Example: ellipse 80 90 Turtle Motion Queries pos Outputs the current turtle position as [ x y ], x or y respectively Example: pos Explained in lesson: The turtle answer xcor Outputs the current turtle position as [ x y ], x or y respectively Example: xcor Explained in lesson: The turtle answer ycor Outputs the current turtle position as [ x y ], x or y respectively Example: ycor Explained in lesson: The turtle answer heading Outputs the current turtle heading Example: heading Explained in lesson: The turtle answer towards Outputs the heading towards the specified [ x y ] coordinates Example: towards Explained in lesson: The turtle answer Turtle and Window Control showturtle , st Show the turtle Example: ht wait st Explained in lesson: Controlling the Turtle and Pen hideturtle , ht Hide the turtle Example: hideturtle Explained in lesson: Controlling the Turtle and Pen clean , cs Will clear the screen Example: fd 60 clean Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle clearscreen , cs Will clear the screen and return the turtle home Example: cs Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle fill Does a paint bucket flood fill at the turtle's position Example: cs repeat 4 [ fd 50 rt 90 ] pu setxy 50 50 pd fill Explained in lesson: Background filled fillcolor [ statements ... ] Execute statements without drawing but keeping track of turtle movements. When complete, fill the region traced by the turtle with fillcolor and outline the region with the current pen style Example: filled "blue [repeat 4 [fd 100 rt 90]] Explained in lesson: Background label expr Draw a word (same logic as print) on the graphics display at the turtle location Example: label "logo ht Explained in lesson: Background setlabelheight expr Set the height for text drawn by label, in pixels Example: setlabelheight 100 label "Logo ht Explained in lesson: Background wrap If the turtle moves off the edge of the screen it will continue on the other side Example: cs wrap fd 800 Explained in lesson: The turtle borders window The turtle can move past the edges of the screen, unbounded. Example: cs window fd 600 rt 90 fd 100 rt 90 fd 70 Explained in lesson: The turtle borders fence If the turtle attempts to move past the edge of the screen it will stop. Example: cs fence fd 600 rt 90 fd 100 rt 90 fd 70 Explained in lesson: The turtle borders Turtle and Window Queries shownp , shown? Outputs 1 if the turtle is shown, 0 if the turtle is hidden Example: show shown? Explained in lesson: Interactive labelsize Outputs the height of text drawn by label, in pixels Example: show labelsize Explained in lesson: Interactive Pen and Background Control penup , pu Turtle stops leaving a trail Example: penup Explained in lesson: Controlling the Turtle and Pen pendown , pd The turtle will leave a trail Example: pendown Explained in lesson: Controlling the Turtle and Pen setcolor X , setpencolor X Will set the turtle color accroding to the following table 0: black 1: blue 2: lime 3: cyan 4: red 5: magenta 6: yellow 7: white 8: brown 9: tan 10: green 11: aquamarine 12: salmon 13: purple 14: orange 15: gray Example: setcolor 1 Explained in lesson: Colors and printing setcolor [r,g,b] , setpencolor [r,g,b] Will set the turtle color accroding to the amount of red , green and blue Example: setcolor [50 100 50] setwidth X , setpensize X Will set the pen width to X Example: setwidth 4 fd 50 Explained in lesson: The pen width changeshape X or STR , csh X or STR Will change the turtle to another shape accordin to the following 0 = "turtle", 1 = "cat", 2 = "fish", 3 = "dog", 4 = "horse", 5 = "tiger", 6 = "crab", 7 = "snail" Example: csh 1 or csh "dog Explained in lesson: Turtle world Pen Queries pendownp , pendown? Outputs 1 if the pen is down, 0 otherwise Example: show pendown? Explained in lesson: Interactive pencolor , pc Outputs the current pen color. This will be a CSS color string, not necessarily the value passed in. Example: show pencolor Explained in lesson: Interactive pensize Outputs a two element list with the pen width and height (usually the same). Example: show pensize Explained in lesson: Interactive Procedure Definition to PROCNAME inputs ... statements ... end Define a new named procedure with optional inputs Example: to TURTLE repeat 4 [ fd 50 rt 90] end Explained in lesson: The turtle is learning define PROCNAME inputs ... statements ... end Define a new named procedure with optional inputs Example: define "star [[n][repeat 5 [fd :n rt 144]]] def PROCNAME Outputs the definition of a named procedure as a string Example: show def "star Variable Definition make varname expr Update a variable or define a new global variable. The variable name must be quoted Example: make "foo 5 Explained in lesson: Variables name expr varname Like make but with the inputs reversed Example: name 5 "myvar Explained in lesson: No lesson yet localmake varname expr Define a variable in the local scope (shortcut for local then make Example: localmake "myvar 5 Explained in lesson: No lesson yet : VARNAME , thing VARNAME Outputs the value of variable. :foo is a shortcut for thing "foo Example: show thing "myvar Explained in lesson: Variables Control Structures repeat X [ statements ... ] Repeat statements X times Example: repeat 4 [ fd 50 rt 90] Explained in lesson: Loops for controllist [ statements ...] Typical for loop. The controllist specifies three or four members: the local varname, start value, limit value, and optional step size Example: for [i 1 10 1] [print :i] Explained in lesson: The for loop repcount Outputs the current iteration number of the current repeat or forever Example: repeat 4 [ repcount ] if expr [statement] Execute statment if expressoin is true Example: if 2>1 [print "hello] ifelse expr [statementTrue] [statementFalse] Execute StatementTrue if tru else execute statementFalse Example: ifelse 0>1 [print "true] [print "false] test expr Test the specified expression save the result in the local scope for the subsequent use by iftrue iffalse Example: test 3>4 iftrue [print "true] iffalse [print "false] iftrue [statements] Example: test 3>4 iftrue [print "true] iffalse [print "false] iffalse [statements]] Example: test 3>4 iftrue [print "true] iffalse [print "false] wait X Will cause the turtle to wait X ( 60ths of seconds ) time before executing the command Example: repeat 4 [ wait 10 fd 50] Explained in lesson: Hi wait bye Ternimante the program Example: bye dotimes [varname times] [ statements ...] Run the statements the specified number of times. The variable varname is set to the current iteration number. Example: dotimes [ i 5 ] [ show :i * :i ] do.while [ statements ...] expr Runs the specified statements at least once, and repeats while the expression is non-zero (true). Example: do.while [ make "a random 10 show :a ] :a < 8 while [expr] [ statements ...] Runs the specified statements only while the expression remains non-zero (true). Example: while (random 2) = 0 [ show "zero ] show "one do.until [ statements ...] [expr] Runs the specified statements at least once, and repeats while the expression is zero (false). Example: do.until [ make "a random 10 show :a ] :a < 8 until [expr] [ statements ...] Runs the specified statements only while the expression remains zero (false). Example: until (random 2) = 0 [ show "one ] show "zero Lists list thing1 thing2 ... Create a new list from the inputs Example: make "mylist (list "turtle "academy) Explained in lesson: Lists first listname Outputs the first item from the list Example: print first :mylist Explained in lesson: Lists butfirst listname Outputs all the items of listname except for the first item Example: print butfirst :mylist Explained in lesson: Accessing the list last listname Outputs the last item from the list Example: print last :mylist Explained in lesson: Lists butlast listname Outputs all the items of listname except for the last item Example: print butlast :mylist Explained in lesson: Accessing the list item index listname Outputs the indexlist item of the list or array Example: print item 1 :mylist Explained in lesson: Accessing the list pick index listname Outputs one item from a list, at random Example: print pick :mylist Explained in lesson: Accessing the list Math sum X Y Will sum x+y Example: print sum 2 3 Explained in lesson: Variables minus X Y return the distance between x and y x-y Example: print minus 8 2 random X Will choose a random number between 0 - (X-1)' Example: cs print sum random 10 3 Explained in lesson: Colors and printing modulo expr expr Outputs the remainder (modulus). For remainder and % the result has the same sign as the first input; for modulo the result has the same sign as a the second input. Example: cs print modulo 10 3 power expr expr 3 power 4 = 81 Example: show power 3 4 Receivers readword Prompt the user for a line of input. The result (including spaces) is the single word output. Example: make "name (readword [What is your name?]) show :name Explained in lesson: Interactive readlist Prompt the user for a line of input. The result is a list of words. Example: make "colors (readlist [Type some colors:]) show :colors Predicates word thing , word? thing Returns true (1) or false (0) if thing is a word Example: show word "hello listp thing , list? thing Returns true (1) or false (0) if thing is a list Example: print listp [1 2 3] arrayp thing , array? thing Returns true (1) or false (0) if thing is an array Example: print arrayp array 2 numberp thing , number? thing Returns true (1) or false (0) if thing is a number Example: print numberp 25 emptyp thing , empty? thing Test if thing is an empty list or empty string. Example: print emptyp [] equalp expr expr , equal? expr expr Test if xper expr are equal. Example: equalp "no "yes notequalp expr expr , notequal? expr expr Test if xper expr are not equal. Example: notequalp "no "yes beforep thing1 , before? thing1 Test string collation order. Example: print before? "bye "hi substringp thing1 thing2 , substring? thing1 thing2 Test if thing1 is a substring of thing2. Example: print substringp "hello "helloworld © 2025 All Rights Reserved. Turtle Academy. Contacts Turtle support: Contact form Support 101mastrman - 3 minuty temu 101mastrman - 1 second ago 101mastrman - 1 second ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 24 seconds ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 1 minute ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 1 minute ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 enter your message here 101mastrman - 3 minuty temu 101mastrman - 1 second ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 24 seconds ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 4 minuty temu cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 5 minut temu cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 enter your message here markdown cheatsheet Turtle Motion naprzód X , np X Przesuwa zółwia o x punktów Example: naprzód 50 Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle wstecz X , ws X Żółw do tyłu x punktów Example: wstecz 50 Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle lewo X , lw X Obróć żółwia w lewo x stopni Example: lewo 90 Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle prawo X , pw X Rotate the turtle right x degrees Example: prawo 90 Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle początek Przesuwa żółwia na środek, wskazującego w górę Example: początek Explained in lesson: Turtle world ux NUM_x Move turtle to the specified X location Example: ux 100 Explained in lesson: Turtle world uy NUM_y Move turtle to the specified Y location Example: uy 200 Explained in lesson: Turtle world uxy NUM_X NUM_Y , set pos [ NUM_X NUM_Y ] Przenieś żółwia w określone miejsce Example: uxy 100 100 Explained in lesson: Turtle world ustawkierunek , uk Obróć żółwia w określonym kierunku Example: sh 145 Explained in lesson: Turtle world łuk ANGLE RADIUS Narysuje łuk o promieniu PROMIEŃ I kącie KĄT Example: ARC 360 5 Explained in lesson: Turtle world ellipse WIDTH HEIGHT Will create an ellipse with Width and height Example: ellipse 80 90 Turtle Motion Queries poz Wyświetla bieżącą pozycję żółwia odpowiednio jako [x y], x lub y Example: poz Explained in lesson: The turtle answer xpoz Wyświetla bieżącą pozycję żółwia odpowiednio jako [x y], x lub y Example: xpoz Explained in lesson: The turtle answer ypoz Wyświetla bieżącą pozycję żółwia odpowiednio jako [x y], x lub y Example: ypoz Explained in lesson: The turtle answer kierunek Wyświetla bieżący kurs żółwia Example: kierunek Explained in lesson: The turtle answer do Wyprowadza kurs w kierunku określonych współrzędnych [x y] Example: do Explained in lesson: The turtle answer Turtle and Window Control pokażżółwia , pz Pokaż żółwia Example: uz czekaj pz Explained in lesson: Controlling the Turtle and Pen ukryjżółwia , uz Ukryj żółwia Example: ukryjżółwia Explained in lesson: Controlling the Turtle and Pen czyść , cs Will clear the screen Example: np 60 czyść Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle wróć , cs Wyczyści ekran i przesunie żółwia do punktu wyjścia Example: cs Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle zamaluj Does a paint bucket flood fill at the turtle's position Example: cs powtórz 4 [ np 50 pw 90 ] pod uxy 50 50 opu zamaluj Explained in lesson: Background wypełniony fillcolor [ statements ... ] Wykonuj polecenia bez rysowania, ale śledząc ruchy żółwia. Po zakończeniu wypełnij obszar narysowany przez żółwia kolorem wypełnienia i obrysuj obszar bieżącym stylem pisaka Example: wypełniony "blue [repeat 4 [fd 100 pw 90]] Explained in lesson: Background napis expr Draw a word (same logic as print) on the graphics display at the turtle location Example: napis "logo uz Explained in lesson: Background ustawwysokośćetykiety expr Set the height for text drawn by label, in pixels Example: ustawwysokośćetykiety 100 napis "Logo uz Explained in lesson: Background envolver If the turtle moves off the edge of the screen it will continue on the other side Example: cs envolver np 800 Explained in lesson: The turtle borders ventana The turtle can move past the edges of the screen, unbounded. Example: cs ventana np 600 pw 90 np 100 pw 90 np 70 Explained in lesson: The turtle borders valla If the turtle attempts to move past the edge of the screen it will stop. Example: cs valla np 600 pw 90 np 100 pw 90 np 70 Explained in lesson: The turtle borders Turtle and Window Queries shownp , shown? Outputs 1 if the turtle is shown, 0 if the turtle is hidden Example: show shown? Explained in lesson: Interactive labelsize Outputs the height of text drawn by label, in pixels Example: show labelsize Explained in lesson: Interactive Pen and Background Control podnieśpisak , pod Żółw przestaje zostawiać ślad Example: podnieśpisak Explained in lesson: Controlling the Turtle and Pen opuśćpisak , opu Żółw zostawi ślad Example: opuśćpisak Explained in lesson: Controlling the Turtle and Pen ustawkolor X , ustawkolorpisaka X Will set the turtle color accroding to the following table 0: czarny 1: niebieski 2: limonka 3: cyjan 4: czerwony 5: magenta 6: żółty 7: biały 8: brązowy 9: tangens 10: zielony 11: akwamaryna 12: łososiowy 13: fioletowy 14: pomarańczowy 15: szary Example: ustawkolor 1 Explained in lesson: Colors and printing ustawkolor [r,g,b] , ustawkolorpisaka [r,g,b] Will set the turtle color accroding to the amount of red , green and blue Example: ustawkolor [50 100 50] ustawgrubość X , ustawgrubośćpisaka X Will set the pen width to X Example: ustawgrubość 4 np 50 Explained in lesson: The pen width cambiarforma X or STR , cf X or STR Will change the turtle to another shape accordin to the following 0 = "turtle", 1 = "cat", 2 = "fish", 3 = "dog", 4 = "horse", 5 = "tiger", 6 = "crab", 7 = "snail" Example: cf 1 or cf "dog Explained in lesson: Turtle world Pen Queries pendownp , pendown? Outputs 1 if the pen is down, 0 otherwise Example: show pendown? Explained in lesson: Interactive pencolor , pc Outputs the current pen color. This will be a CSS color string, not necessarily the value passed in. Example: show pencolor Explained in lesson: Interactive pensize Outputs a two element list with the pen width and height (usually the same). Example: show pensize Explained in lesson: Interactive Procedure Definition oto PROCNAME inputs ... statements ... end Zdefiniuj nową nazwaną procedurę z opcjonalnymi parametrami Example: oto TURTLE powtórz 4 [ np 50 pw 90] już Explained in lesson: The turtle is learning define PROCNAME inputs ... statements ... end Define a new named procedure with optional inputs Example: define "star [[n][repeat 5 [fd :n pw 144]]] def PROCNAME Outputs the definition of a named procedure as a string Example: show def "star Variable Definition ustaw varname expr Update a variable or define a new global variable. The variable name must be quoted Example: ustaw "foo 5 Explained in lesson: Variables name expr varname Like make but with the inputs reversed Example: name 5 "myvar Explained in lesson: No lesson yet localmake varname expr Define a variable in the local scope (shortcut for local then make Example: localmake "myvar 5 Explained in lesson: No lesson yet : VARNAME , thing VARNAME Outputs the value of variable. :foo is a shortcut for thing "foo Example: show thing "myvar Explained in lesson: Variables Control Structures powtórz X [ statements ... ] Repeat statements X times Example: powtórz 4 [ np 50 pw 90] Explained in lesson: Loops dla controllist [ statements ...] Typowe dla pętli. Lista kontrolna określa trzy lub cztery elementy: lokalną nazwę zmiennej, wartość początkową, wartość maksymalną i opcjonalną wartość kroku Example: dla [i 1 10 1] [print :i] Explained in lesson: The for loop powtórzrazy Wyświetla bieżący numer iteracji bieżącego powtórzenia lub pętli bez końca Example: powtórz 4 [ powtórzrazy ] jeśli expr [statement] Execute statment if expressoin is true Example: jeśli 2>1 [print "hello] jeśliinaczej expr [statementTrue] [statementFalse] Execute StatementTrue if tru else execute statementFalse Example: jeśliinaczej 0>1 [print "true] [print "false] test expr Test the specified expression save the result in the local scope for the subsequent use by iftrue iffalse Example: test 3>4 jeśliprawda [print "true] jeślifałsz [print "false] jeśliprawda [statements] Example: test 3>4 jeśliprawda [print "true] jeślifałsz [print "false] jeślifałsz [statements]] Example: test 3>4 jeśliprawda [print "true] jeślifałsz [print "false] czekaj X Will cause the turtle to wait X ( 60ths of seconds ) time before executing the command Example: powtórz 4 [ czekaj 10 np 50] Explained in lesson: Hi wait adios Ternimante the program Example: adios dotimes [varname times] [ statements ...] Run the statements the specified number of times. The variable varname is set to the current iteration number. Example: dotimes [ i 5 ] [ show :i * :i ] do.while [ statements ...] expr Runs the specified statements at least once, and repeats while the expression is non-zero (true). Example: do.while [ ustaw "a losowy 10 show :a ] :a < 8 while [expr] [ statements ...] Runs the specified statements only while the expression remains non-zero (true). Example: while (random 2) = 0 [ show "zero ] show "one do.until [ statements ...] [expr] Runs the specified statements at least once, and repeats while the expression is zero (false). Example: do.until [ ustaw "a losowy 10 show :a ] :a < 8 until [expr] [ statements ...] Runs the specified statements only while the expression remains zero (false). Example: until (random 2) = 0 [ show "one ] show "zero Listy lista thing1 thing2 ... Utwórz nową listę z danych wejściowych Example: ustaw "mylist (list "turtle "academy) Explained in lesson: Listy pierwszy listname Wyświetla pierwszy element z listy Example: pisz pierwszy :mylist Explained in lesson: Listy pozapierwszym listname Wyświetla wszystkie elementy listy z wyjątkiem pierwszego elementu Example: pisz pozapierwszym :mylist Explained in lesson: Accessing the list ostatni listname Wyświetla ostatni element z listy Example: pisz ostatni :mylist Explained in lesson: Listy pozaostatnim listname Wyświetla wszystkie elementy listy z wyjątkiem ostatniego elementu Example: pisz pozaostatnim :mylist Explained in lesson: Accessing the list pozycja index listname Wyświetla element o określonym numerze z listy lub tablicy Example: pisz pozycja 1 :mylist Explained in lesson: Accessing the list wybierz index listname Wyświetla losowo jeden element z listy Example: pisz wybierz :mylist Explained in lesson: Accessing the list Matematyka suma X Y Will sum x+y Example: pisz suma 2 3 Explained in lesson: Variables minus X Y return the distance between x and y x-y Example: pisz minus 8 2 losowy X Will choose a random number between 0 - (X-1)' Example: cs pisz suma losowy 10 3 Explained in lesson: Colors and printing modulo expr expr Wyprowadza resztę (modulus). Dla pozostałych % wynik ma taki sam znak jak pierwsza liczba; dla modulo wynik ma taki sam znak jak druga liczba. Example: cs pisz modulo 10 3 power expr expr 3 power 4 = 81 Example: show power 3 4 Receivers leerpalabra Prompt the user for a line of input. The result (including spaces) is the single word output. Example: ustaw "name (readword [What is your name?]) show :name Explained in lesson: Interactive leerlista Prompt the user for a line of input. The result is a list of words. Example: ustaw "colors (readlist [Type some colors:]) show :colors Predicates word thing , word? thing Returns true (1) or false (0) if thing is a word Example: show word "hello listp thing , list? thing Returns true (1) or false (0) if thing is a list Example: pisz listp [1 2 3] arrayp thing , array? thing Returns true (1) or false (0) if thing is an array Example: pisz arrayp array 2 numberp thing , number? thing Returns true (1) or false (0) if thing is a number Example: pisz numberp 25 emptyp thing , empty? thing Test if thing is an empty list or empty string. Example: pisz emptyp [] equalp expr expr , equal? expr expr Test if xper expr are equal. Example: equalp "no "yes notequalp expr expr , notequal? expr expr Test if xper expr are not equal. Example: notequalp "no "yes beforep thing1 , before? thing1 Test string collation order. Example: pisz before? "bye "hi substringp thing1 thing2 , substring? thing1 thing2 Test if thing1 is a substring of thing2. Example: pisz substringp "hello "helloworld © 2025 Wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone. Akademia Żółwia. Kontakty Wsparcie Żółwia: Contact form Wsparcie Links O Akademii Wspomóż Faq Privacy Policy Terms of service 101mastrman - 2 minutes ago Turtle Academy Lessons Programs Playground Challenges News anamachromics English Program 1 1 cool 2 smart 3 awsome 4 fantastic 5 nice 6 game player 7 ghost 8 army 9 black ops 10 fast 11 10 12 worn 13 good 14 4th grade 15 red 16 sun 17 big cats 18 lion 19 tiger 20 cheetah 21 leaperd 22 100% 23 rare 24 calone 25 never have 0-50 26 ​ 15lducheine You rated this program as Program total score is: 10 Output image 101mastrman - 1 second ago 101mastrman - 1 second ago 101mastrman - 1 second ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 24 seconds ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 1 minute ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 1 minute ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 enter your message here 101mastrman - 36 seconds ago 101mastrman - 1 second ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 24 seconds ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 1 minute ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 2 minutes ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 enter your message here markdown cheatsheet Turtle Motion forward X , fd X Moves the turtle x points Example: forward 50 Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle back X , bk X The turtle backs x points Example: back 50 Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle left X , lt X Rotate the turtle left x degrees Example: left 90 Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle right X , rt X Rotate the turtle right x degrees Example: right 90 Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle home Moves the turtle to center, pointing upwards Example: home Explained in lesson: Turtle world setx NUM_x Move turtle to the specified X location Example: setx 100 Explained in lesson: Turtle world sety NUM_y Move turtle to the specified Y location Example: sety 200 Explained in lesson: Turtle world setxy NUM_X NUM_Y , set pos [ NUM_X NUM_Y ] Move turtle to the specified location Example: setxy 100 100 Explained in lesson: Turtle world setheading , seth Rotate the turtle to the specified heading Example: sh 145 Explained in lesson: Turtle world arc ANGLE RADIUS Will create an arc distance RADIUS covering ANGLE angle Example: ARC 360 5 Explained in lesson: Turtle world ellipse WIDTH HEIGHT Will create an ellipse with Width and height Example: ellipse 80 90 Turtle Motion Queries pos Outputs the current turtle position as [ x y ], x or y respectively Example: pos Explained in lesson: The turtle answer xcor Outputs the current turtle position as [ x y ], x or y respectively Example: xcor Explained in lesson: The turtle answer ycor Outputs the current turtle position as [ x y ], x or y respectively Example: ycor Explained in lesson: The turtle answer heading Outputs the current turtle heading Example: heading Explained in lesson: The turtle answer towards Outputs the heading towards the specified [ x y ] coordinates Example: towards Explained in lesson: The turtle answer Turtle and Window Control showturtle , st Show the turtle Example: ht wait st Explained in lesson: Controlling the Turtle and Pen hideturtle , ht Hide the turtle Example: hideturtle Explained in lesson: Controlling the Turtle and Pen clean , cs Will clear the screen Example: fd 60 clean Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle clearscreen , cs Will clear the screen and return the turtle home Example: cs Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle fill Does a paint bucket flood fill at the turtle's position Example: cs repeat 4 [ fd 50 rt 90 ] pu setxy 50 50 pd fill Explained in lesson: Background filled fillcolor [ statements ... ] Execute statements without drawing but keeping track of turtle movements. When complete, fill the region traced by the turtle with fillcolor and outline the region with the current pen style Example: filled "blue [repeat 4 [fd 100 rt 90]] Explained in lesson: Background label expr Draw a word (same logic as print) on the graphics display at the turtle location Example: label "logo ht Explained in lesson: Background setlabelheight expr Set the height for text drawn by label, in pixels Example: setlabelheight 100 label "Logo ht Explained in lesson: Background wrap If the turtle moves off the edge of the screen it will continue on the other side Example: cs wrap fd 800 Explained in lesson: The turtle borders window The turtle can move past the edges of the screen, unbounded. Example: cs window fd 600 rt 90 fd 100 rt 90 fd 70 Explained in lesson: The turtle borders fence If the turtle attempts to move past the edge of the screen it will stop. Example: cs fence fd 600 rt 90 fd 100 rt 90 fd 70 Explained in lesson: The turtle borders Turtle and Window Queries shownp , shown? Outputs 1 if the turtle is shown, 0 if the turtle is hidden Example: show shown? Explained in lesson: Interactive labelsize Outputs the height of text drawn by label, in pixels Example: show labelsize Explained in lesson: Interactive Pen and Background Control penup , pu Turtle stops leaving a trail Example: penup Explained in lesson: Controlling the Turtle and Pen pendown , pd The turtle will leave a trail Example: pendown Explained in lesson: Controlling the Turtle and Pen setcolor X , setpencolor X Will set the turtle color accroding to the following table 0: black 1: blue 2: lime 3: cyan 4: red 5: magenta 6: yellow 7: white 8: brown 9: tan 10: green 11: aquamarine 12: salmon 13: purple 14: orange 15: gray Example: setcolor 1 Explained in lesson: Colors and printing setcolor [r,g,b] , setpencolor [r,g,b] Will set the turtle color accroding to the amount of red , green and blue Example: setcolor [50 100 50] setwidth X , setpensize X Will set the pen width to X Example: setwidth 4 fd 50 Explained in lesson: The pen width changeshape X or STR , csh X or STR Will change the turtle to another shape accordin to the following 0 = "turtle", 1 = "cat", 2 = "fish", 3 = "dog", 4 = "horse", 5 = "tiger", 6 = "crab", 7 = "snail" Example: csh 1 or csh "dog Explained in lesson: Turtle world Pen Queries pendownp , pendown? Outputs 1 if the pen is down, 0 otherwise Example: show pendown? Explained in lesson: Interactive pencolor , pc Outputs the current pen color. This will be a CSS color string, not necessarily the value passed in. Example: show pencolor Explained in lesson: Interactive pensize Outputs a two element list with the pen width and height (usually the same). Example: show pensize Explained in lesson: Interactive Procedure Definition to PROCNAME inputs ... statements ... end Define a new named procedure with optional inputs Example: to TURTLE repeat 4 [ fd 50 rt 90] end Explained in lesson: The turtle is learning define PROCNAME inputs ... statements ... end Define a new named procedure with optional inputs Example: define "star [[n][repeat 5 [fd :n rt 144]]] def PROCNAME Outputs the definition of a named procedure as a string Example: show def "star Variable Definition make varname expr Update a variable or define a new global variable. The variable name must be quoted Example: make "foo 5 Explained in lesson: Variables name expr varname Like make but with the inputs reversed Example: name 5 "myvar Explained in lesson: No lesson yet localmake varname expr Define a variable in the local scope (shortcut for local then make Example: localmake "myvar 5 Explained in lesson: No lesson yet : VARNAME , thing VARNAME Outputs the value of variable. :foo is a shortcut for thing "foo Example: show thing "myvar Explained in lesson: Variables Control Structures repeat X [ statements ... ] Repeat statements X times Example: repeat 4 [ fd 50 rt 90] Explained in lesson: Loops for controllist [ statements ...] Typical for loop. The controllist specifies three or four members: the local varname, start value, limit value, and optional step size Example: for [i 1 10 1] [print :i] Explained in lesson: The for loop repcount Outputs the current iteration number of the current repeat or forever Example: repeat 4 [ repcount ] if expr [statement] Execute statment if expressoin is true Example: if 2>1 [print "hello] ifelse expr [statementTrue] [statementFalse] Execute StatementTrue if tru else execute statementFalse Example: ifelse 0>1 [print "true] [print "false] test expr Test the specified expression save the result in the local scope for the subsequent use by iftrue iffalse Example: test 3>4 iftrue [print "true] iffalse [print "false] iftrue [statements] Example: test 3>4 iftrue [print "true] iffalse [print "false] iffalse [statements]] Example: test 3>4 iftrue [print "true] iffalse [print "false] wait X Will cause the turtle to wait X ( 60ths of seconds ) time before executing the command Example: repeat 4 [ wait 10 fd 50] Explained in lesson: Hi wait bye Ternimante the program Example: bye dotimes [varname times] [ statements ...] Run the statements the specified number of times. The variable varname is set to the current iteration number. Example: dotimes [ i 5 ] [ show :i * :i ] do.while [ statements ...] expr Runs the specified statements at least once, and repeats while the expression is non-zero (true). Example: do.while [ make "a random 10 show :a ] :a < 8 while [expr] [ statements ...] Runs the specified statements only while the expression remains non-zero (true). Example: while (random 2) = 0 [ show "zero ] show "one do.until [ statements ...] [expr] Runs the specified statements at least once, and repeats while the expression is zero (false). Example: do.until [ make "a random 10 show :a ] :a < 8 until [expr] [ statements ...] Runs the specified statements only while the expression remains zero (false). Example: until (random 2) = 0 [ show "one ] show "zero Lists list thing1 thing2 ... Create a new list from the inputs Example: make "mylist (list "turtle "academy) Explained in lesson: Lists first listname Outputs the first item from the list Example: print first :mylist Explained in lesson: Lists butfirst listname Outputs all the items of listname except for the first item Example: print butfirst :mylist Explained in lesson: Accessing the list last listname Outputs the last item from the list Example: print last :mylist Explained in lesson: Lists butlast listname Outputs all the items of listname except for the last item Example: print butlast :mylist Explained in lesson: Accessing the list item index listname Outputs the indexlist item of the list or array Example: print item 1 :mylist Explained in lesson: Accessing the list pick index listname Outputs one item from a list, at random Example: print pick :mylist Explained in lesson: Accessing the list Math sum X Y Will sum x+y Example: print sum 2 3 Explained in lesson: Variables minus X Y return the distance between x and y x-y Example: print minus 8 2 random X Will choose a random number between 0 - (X-1)' Example: cs print sum random 10 3 Explained in lesson: Colors and printing modulo expr expr Outputs the remainder (modulus). For remainder and % the result has the same sign as the first input; for modulo the result has the same sign as a the second input. Example: cs print modulo 10 3 power expr expr 3 power 4 = 81 Example: show power 3 4 Receivers readword Prompt the user for a line of input. The result (including spaces) is the single word output. Example: make "name (readword [What is your name?]) show :name Explained in lesson: Interactive readlist Prompt the user for a line of input. The result is a list of words. Example: make "colors (readlist [Type some colors:]) show :colors Predicates word thing , word? thing Returns true (1) or false (0) if thing is a word Example: show word "hello listp thing , list? thing Returns true (1) or false (0) if thing is a list Example: print listp [1 2 3] arrayp thing , array? thing Returns true (1) or false (0) if thing is an array Example: print arrayp array 2 numberp thing , number? thing Returns true (1) or false (0) if thing is a number Example: print numberp 25 emptyp thing , empty? thing Test if thing is an empty list or empty string. Example: print emptyp [] equalp expr expr , equal? expr expr Test if xper expr are equal. Example: equalp "no "yes notequalp expr expr , notequal? expr expr Test if xper expr are not equal. Example: notequalp "no "yes beforep thing1 , before? thing1 Test string collation order. Example: print before? "bye "hi substringp thing1 thing2 , substring? thing1 thing2 Test if thing1 is a substring of thing2. Example: print substringp "hello "helloworld © 2025 All Rights Reserved. Turtle Academy. Contacts Turtle support: Contact form Support 101mastrman - 4 minutes ago 101mastrman - 1 second ago 101mastrman - 1 second ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 24 seconds ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 1 minute ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 1 minute ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 enter your message here 101mastrman - 5 minutes ago 101mastrman - 1 second ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 24 seconds ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 6 minutes ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 6 minutes ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 enter your message here markdown cheatsheet Turtle Motion forward X , fd X Moves the turtle x points Example: forward 50 Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle back X , bk X The turtle backs x points Example: back 50 Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle left X , lt X Rotate the turtle left x degrees Example: left 90 Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle right X , rt X Rotate the turtle right x degrees Example: right 90 Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle home Moves the turtle to center, pointing upwards Example: home Explained in lesson: Turtle world setx NUM_x Move turtle to the specified X location Example: setx 100 Explained in lesson: Turtle world sety NUM_y Move turtle to the specified Y location Example: sety 200 Explained in lesson: Turtle world setxy NUM_X NUM_Y , set pos [ NUM_X NUM_Y ] Move turtle to the specified location Example: setxy 100 100 Explained in lesson: Turtle world setheading , seth Rotate the turtle to the specified heading Example: sh 145 Explained in lesson: Turtle world arc ANGLE RADIUS Will create an arc distance RADIUS covering ANGLE angle Example: ARC 360 5 Explained in lesson: Turtle world ellipse WIDTH HEIGHT Will create an ellipse with Width and height Example: ellipse 80 90 Turtle Motion Queries pos Outputs the current turtle position as [ x y ], x or y respectively Example: pos Explained in lesson: The turtle answer xcor Outputs the current turtle position as [ x y ], x or y respectively Example: xcor Explained in lesson: The turtle answer ycor Outputs the current turtle position as [ x y ], x or y respectively Example: ycor Explained in lesson: The turtle answer heading Outputs the current turtle heading Example: heading Explained in lesson: The turtle answer towards Outputs the heading towards the specified [ x y ] coordinates Example: towards Explained in lesson: The turtle answer Turtle and Window Control showturtle , st Show the turtle Example: ht wait st Explained in lesson: Controlling the Turtle and Pen hideturtle , ht Hide the turtle Example: hideturtle Explained in lesson: Controlling the Turtle and Pen clean , cs Will clear the screen Example: fd 60 clean Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle clearscreen , cs Will clear the screen and return the turtle home Example: cs Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle fill Does a paint bucket flood fill at the turtle's position Example: cs repeat 4 [ fd 50 rt 90 ] pu setxy 50 50 pd fill Explained in lesson: Background filled fillcolor [ statements ... ] Execute statements without drawing but keeping track of turtle movements. When complete, fill the region traced by the turtle with fillcolor and outline the region with the current pen style Example: filled "blue [repeat 4 [fd 100 rt 90]] Explained in lesson: Background label expr Draw a word (same logic as print) on the graphics display at the turtle location Example: label "logo ht Explained in lesson: Background setlabelheight expr Set the height for text drawn by label, in pixels Example: setlabelheight 100 label "Logo ht Explained in lesson: Background wrap If the turtle moves off the edge of the screen it will continue on the other side Example: cs wrap fd 800 Explained in lesson: The turtle borders window The turtle can move past the edges of the screen, unbounded. Example: cs window fd 600 rt 90 fd 100 rt 90 fd 70 Explained in lesson: The turtle borders fence If the turtle attempts to move past the edge of the screen it will stop. Example: cs fence fd 600 rt 90 fd 100 rt 90 fd 70 Explained in lesson: The turtle borders Turtle and Window Queries shownp , shown? Outputs 1 if the turtle is shown, 0 if the turtle is hidden Example: show shown? Explained in lesson: Interactive labelsize Outputs the height of text drawn by label, in pixels Example: show labelsize Explained in lesson: Interactive Pen and Background Control penup , pu Turtle stops leaving a trail Example: penup Explained in lesson: Controlling the Turtle and Pen pendown , pd The turtle will leave a trail Example: pendown Explained in lesson: Controlling the Turtle and Pen setcolor X , setpencolor X Will set the turtle color accroding to the following table 0: black 1: blue 2: lime 3: cyan 4: red 5: magenta 6: yellow 7: white 8: brown 9: tan 10: green 11: aquamarine 12: salmon 13: purple 14: orange 15: gray Example: setcolor 1 Explained in lesson: Colors and printing setcolor [r,g,b] , setpencolor [r,g,b] Will set the turtle color accroding to the amount of red , green and blue Example: setcolor [50 100 50] setwidth X , setpensize X Will set the pen width to X Example: setwidth 4 fd 50 Explained in lesson: The pen width changeshape X or STR , csh X or STR Will change the turtle to another shape accordin to the following 0 = "turtle", 1 = "cat", 2 = "fish", 3 = "dog", 4 = "horse", 5 = "tiger", 6 = "crab", 7 = "snail" Example: csh 1 or csh "dog Explained in lesson: Turtle world Pen Queries pendownp , pendown? Outputs 1 if the pen is down, 0 otherwise Example: show pendown? Explained in lesson: Interactive pencolor , pc Outputs the current pen color. This will be a CSS color string, not necessarily the value passed in. Example: show pencolor Explained in lesson: Interactive pensize Outputs a two element list with the pen width and height (usually the same). Example: show pensize Explained in lesson: Interactive Procedure Definition to PROCNAME inputs ... statements ... end Define a new named procedure with optional inputs Example: to TURTLE repeat 4 [ fd 50 rt 90] end Explained in lesson: The turtle is learning define PROCNAME inputs ... statements ... end Define a new named procedure with optional inputs Example: define "star [[n][repeat 5 [fd :n rt 144]]] def PROCNAME Outputs the definition of a named procedure as a string Example: show def "star Variable Definition make varname expr Update a variable or define a new global variable. The variable name must be quoted Example: make "foo 5 Explained in lesson: Variables name expr varname Like make but with the inputs reversed Example: name 5 "myvar Explained in lesson: No lesson yet localmake varname expr Define a variable in the local scope (shortcut for local then make Example: localmake "myvar 5 Explained in lesson: No lesson yet : VARNAME , thing VARNAME Outputs the value of variable. :foo is a shortcut for thing "foo Example: show thing "myvar Explained in lesson: Variables Control Structures repeat X [ statements ... ] Repeat statements X times Example: repeat 4 [ fd 50 rt 90] Explained in lesson: Loops for controllist [ statements ...] Typical for loop. The controllist specifies three or four members: the local varname, start value, limit value, and optional step size Example: for [i 1 10 1] [print :i] Explained in lesson: The for loop repcount Outputs the current iteration number of the current repeat or forever Example: repeat 4 [ repcount ] if expr [statement] Execute statment if expressoin is true Example: if 2>1 [print "hello] ifelse expr [statementTrue] [statementFalse] Execute StatementTrue if tru else execute statementFalse Example: ifelse 0>1 [print "true] [print "false] test expr Test the specified expression save the result in the local scope for the subsequent use by iftrue iffalse Example: test 3>4 iftrue [print "true] iffalse [print "false] iftrue [statements] Example: test 3>4 iftrue [print "true] iffalse [print "false] iffalse [statements]] Example: test 3>4 iftrue [print "true] iffalse [print "false] wait X Will cause the turtle to wait X ( 60ths of seconds ) time before executing the command Example: repeat 4 [ wait 10 fd 50] Explained in lesson: Hi wait bye Ternimante the program Example: bye dotimes [varname times] [ statements ...] Run the statements the specified number of times. The variable varname is set to the current iteration number. Example: dotimes [ i 5 ] [ show :i * :i ] do.while [ statements ...] expr Runs the specified statements at least once, and repeats while the expression is non-zero (true). Example: do.while [ make "a random 10 show :a ] :a < 8 while [expr] [ statements ...] Runs the specified statements only while the expression remains non-zero (true). Example: while (random 2) = 0 [ show "zero ] show "one do.until [ statements ...] [expr] Runs the specified statements at least once, and repeats while the expression is zero (false). Example: do.until [ make "a random 10 show :a ] :a < 8 until [expr] [ statements ...] Runs the specified statements only while the expression remains zero (false). Example: until (random 2) = 0 [ show "one ] show "zero Lists list thing1 thing2 ... Create a new list from the inputs Example: make "mylist (list "turtle "academy) Explained in lesson: Lists first listname Outputs the first item from the list Example: print first :mylist Explained in lesson: Lists butfirst listname Outputs all the items of listname except for the first item Example: print butfirst :mylist Explained in lesson: Accessing the list last listname Outputs the last item from the list Example: print last :mylist Explained in lesson: Lists butlast listname Outputs all the items of listname except for the last item Example: print butlast :mylist Explained in lesson: Accessing the list item index listname Outputs the indexlist item of the list or array Example: print item 1 :mylist Explained in lesson: Accessing the list pick index listname Outputs one item from a list, at random Example: print pick :mylist Explained in lesson: Accessing the list Math sum X Y Will sum x+y Example: print sum 2 3 Explained in lesson: Variables minus X Y return the distance between x and y x-y Example: print minus 8 2 random X Will choose a random number between 0 - (X-1)' Example: cs print sum random 10 3 Explained in lesson: Colors and printing modulo expr expr Outputs the remainder (modulus). For remainder and % the result has the same sign as the first input; for modulo the result has the same sign as a the second input. Example: cs print modulo 10 3 power expr expr 3 power 4 = 81 Example: show power 3 4 Receivers readword Prompt the user for a line of input. The result (including spaces) is the single word output. Example: make "name (readword [What is your name?]) show :name Explained in lesson: Interactive readlist Prompt the user for a line of input. The result is a list of words. Example: make "colors (readlist [Type some colors:]) show :colors Predicates word thing , word? thing Returns true (1) or false (0) if thing is a word Example: show word "hello listp thing , list? thing Returns true (1) or false (0) if thing is a list Example: print listp [1 2 3] arrayp thing , array? thing Returns true (1) or false (0) if thing is an array Example: print arrayp array 2 numberp thing , number? thing Returns true (1) or false (0) if thing is a number Example: print numberp 25 emptyp thing , empty? thing Test if thing is an empty list or empty string. Example: print emptyp [] equalp expr expr , equal? expr expr Test if xper expr are equal. Example: equalp "no "yes notequalp expr expr , notequal? expr expr Test if xper expr are not equal. Example: notequalp "no "yes beforep thing1 , before? thing1 Test string collation order. Example: print before? "bye "hi substringp thing1 thing2 , substring? thing1 thing2 Test if thing1 is a substring of thing2. Example: print substringp "hello "helloworld © 2025 All Rights Reserved. Turtle Academy. Contacts Turtle support: Contact form Support Links About Donate FAQ Privacy Policy Terms of service

Akademia Żółwia Lekcje Programy Plac zabaw Challenges Wiadomości anamachromics Polski Program 1 1 cool 2 smart 3 awsome 4 fantastic 5 nice 6 game player 7 ghost 8 army 9 czarny ops 10 fast 11 10 12 worn 13 good 14 4th grade 15 czerwony 16 sun 17 big cats 18 lion 19 tiger 20 cheetah 21 leaperd 22 100% 23 rare 24 calone 25 never have 0-50 26 ​ 15lducheine You rated this program as Łączny wynik programu to: 10 Output image 101mastrman - 58 sekund temu Turtle Academy Lessons Programs Playground Challenges News anamachromics English Program 1 1 cool 2 smart 3 awsome 4 fantastic 5 nice 6 game player 7 ghost 8 army 9 black ops 10 fast 11 10 12 worn 13 good 14 4th grade 15 red 16 sun 17 big cats 18 lion 19 tiger 20 cheetah 21 leaperd 22 100% 23 rare 24 calone 25 never have 0-50 26 ​ 15lducheine You rated this program as Program total score is: 10 Output image 101mastrman - 1 second ago 101mastrman - 1 second ago 101mastrman - 1 second ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 24 seconds ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 1 minute ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 1 minute ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 enter your message here 101mastrman - 36 seconds ago 101mastrman - 1 second ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 24 seconds ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 1 minute ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 2 minutes ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 enter your message here markdown cheatsheet Turtle Motion forward X , fd X Moves the turtle x points Example: forward 50 Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle back X , bk X The turtle backs x points Example: back 50 Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle left X , lt X Rotate the turtle left x degrees Example: left 90 Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle right X , rt X Rotate the turtle right x degrees Example: right 90 Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle home Moves the turtle to center, pointing upwards Example: home Explained in lesson: Turtle world setx NUM_x Move turtle to the specified X location Example: setx 100 Explained in lesson: Turtle world sety NUM_y Move turtle to the specified Y location Example: sety 200 Explained in lesson: Turtle world setxy NUM_X NUM_Y , set pos [ NUM_X NUM_Y ] Move turtle to the specified location Example: setxy 100 100 Explained in lesson: Turtle world setheading , seth Rotate the turtle to the specified heading Example: sh 145 Explained in lesson: Turtle world arc ANGLE RADIUS Will create an arc distance RADIUS covering ANGLE angle Example: ARC 360 5 Explained in lesson: Turtle world ellipse WIDTH HEIGHT Will create an ellipse with Width and height Example: ellipse 80 90 Turtle Motion Queries pos Outputs the current turtle position as [ x y ], x or y respectively Example: pos Explained in lesson: The turtle answer xcor Outputs the current turtle position as [ x y ], x or y respectively Example: xcor Explained in lesson: The turtle answer ycor Outputs the current turtle position as [ x y ], x or y respectively Example: ycor Explained in lesson: The turtle answer heading Outputs the current turtle heading Example: heading Explained in lesson: The turtle answer towards Outputs the heading towards the specified [ x y ] coordinates Example: towards Explained in lesson: The turtle answer Turtle and Window Control showturtle , st Show the turtle Example: ht wait st Explained in lesson: Controlling the Turtle and Pen hideturtle , ht Hide the turtle Example: hideturtle Explained in lesson: Controlling the Turtle and Pen clean , cs Will clear the screen Example: fd 60 clean Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle clearscreen , cs Will clear the screen and return the turtle home Example: cs Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle fill Does a paint bucket flood fill at the turtle's position Example: cs repeat 4 [ fd 50 rt 90 ] pu setxy 50 50 pd fill Explained in lesson: Background filled fillcolor [ statements ... ] Execute statements without drawing but keeping track of turtle movements. When complete, fill the region traced by the turtle with fillcolor and outline the region with the current pen style Example: filled "blue [repeat 4 [fd 100 rt 90]] Explained in lesson: Background label expr Draw a word (same logic as print) on the graphics display at the turtle location Example: label "logo ht Explained in lesson: Background setlabelheight expr Set the height for text drawn by label, in pixels Example: setlabelheight 100 label "Logo ht Explained in lesson: Background wrap If the turtle moves off the edge of the screen it will continue on the other side Example: cs wrap fd 800 Explained in lesson: The turtle borders window The turtle can move past the edges of the screen, unbounded. Example: cs window fd 600 rt 90 fd 100 rt 90 fd 70 Explained in lesson: The turtle borders fence If the turtle attempts to move past the edge of the screen it will stop. Example: cs fence fd 600 rt 90 fd 100 rt 90 fd 70 Explained in lesson: The turtle borders Turtle and Window Queries shownp , shown? Outputs 1 if the turtle is shown, 0 if the turtle is hidden Example: show shown? Explained in lesson: Interactive labelsize Outputs the height of text drawn by label, in pixels Example: show labelsize Explained in lesson: Interactive Pen and Background Control penup , pu Turtle stops leaving a trail Example: penup Explained in lesson: Controlling the Turtle and Pen pendown , pd The turtle will leave a trail Example: pendown Explained in lesson: Controlling the Turtle and Pen setcolor X , setpencolor X Will set the turtle color accroding to the following table 0: black 1: blue 2: lime 3: cyan 4: red 5: magenta 6: yellow 7: white 8: brown 9: tan 10: green 11: aquamarine 12: salmon 13: purple 14: orange 15: gray Example: setcolor 1 Explained in lesson: Colors and printing setcolor [r,g,b] , setpencolor [r,g,b] Will set the turtle color accroding to the amount of red , green and blue Example: setcolor [50 100 50] setwidth X , setpensize X Will set the pen width to X Example: setwidth 4 fd 50 Explained in lesson: The pen width changeshape X or STR , csh X or STR Will change the turtle to another shape accordin to the following 0 = "turtle", 1 = "cat", 2 = "fish", 3 = "dog", 4 = "horse", 5 = "tiger", 6 = "crab", 7 = "snail" Example: csh 1 or csh "dog Explained in lesson: Turtle world Pen Queries pendownp , pendown? Outputs 1 if the pen is down, 0 otherwise Example: show pendown? Explained in lesson: Interactive pencolor , pc Outputs the current pen color. This will be a CSS color string, not necessarily the value passed in. Example: show pencolor Explained in lesson: Interactive pensize Outputs a two element list with the pen width and height (usually the same). Example: show pensize Explained in lesson: Interactive Procedure Definition to PROCNAME inputs ... statements ... end Define a new named procedure with optional inputs Example: to TURTLE repeat 4 [ fd 50 rt 90] end Explained in lesson: The turtle is learning define PROCNAME inputs ... statements ... end Define a new named procedure with optional inputs Example: define "star [[n][repeat 5 [fd :n rt 144]]] def PROCNAME Outputs the definition of a named procedure as a string Example: show def "star Variable Definition make varname expr Update a variable or define a new global variable. The variable name must be quoted Example: make "foo 5 Explained in lesson: Variables name expr varname Like make but with the inputs reversed Example: name 5 "myvar Explained in lesson: No lesson yet localmake varname expr Define a variable in the local scope (shortcut for local then make Example: localmake "myvar 5 Explained in lesson: No lesson yet : VARNAME , thing VARNAME Outputs the value of variable. :foo is a shortcut for thing "foo Example: show thing "myvar Explained in lesson: Variables Control Structures repeat X [ statements ... ] Repeat statements X times Example: repeat 4 [ fd 50 rt 90] Explained in lesson: Loops for controllist [ statements ...] Typical for loop. The controllist specifies three or four members: the local varname, start value, limit value, and optional step size Example: for [i 1 10 1] [print :i] Explained in lesson: The for loop repcount Outputs the current iteration number of the current repeat or forever Example: repeat 4 [ repcount ] if expr [statement] Execute statment if expressoin is true Example: if 2>1 [print "hello] ifelse expr [statementTrue] [statementFalse] Execute StatementTrue if tru else execute statementFalse Example: ifelse 0>1 [print "true] [print "false] test expr Test the specified expression save the result in the local scope for the subsequent use by iftrue iffalse Example: test 3>4 iftrue [print "true] iffalse [print "false] iftrue [statements] Example: test 3>4 iftrue [print "true] iffalse [print "false] iffalse [statements]] Example: test 3>4 iftrue [print "true] iffalse [print "false] wait X Will cause the turtle to wait X ( 60ths of seconds ) time before executing the command Example: repeat 4 [ wait 10 fd 50] Explained in lesson: Hi wait bye Ternimante the program Example: bye dotimes [varname times] [ statements ...] Run the statements the specified number of times. The variable varname is set to the current iteration number. Example: dotimes [ i 5 ] [ show :i * :i ] do.while [ statements ...] expr Runs the specified statements at least once, and repeats while the expression is non-zero (true). Example: do.while [ make "a random 10 show :a ] :a < 8 while [expr] [ statements ...] Runs the specified statements only while the expression remains non-zero (true). Example: while (random 2) = 0 [ show "zero ] show "one do.until [ statements ...] [expr] Runs the specified statements at least once, and repeats while the expression is zero (false). Example: do.until [ make "a random 10 show :a ] :a < 8 until [expr] [ statements ...] Runs the specified statements only while the expression remains zero (false). Example: until (random 2) = 0 [ show "one ] show "zero Lists list thing1 thing2 ... Create a new list from the inputs Example: make "mylist (list "turtle "academy) Explained in lesson: Lists first listname Outputs the first item from the list Example: print first :mylist Explained in lesson: Lists butfirst listname Outputs all the items of listname except for the first item Example: print butfirst :mylist Explained in lesson: Accessing the list last listname Outputs the last item from the list Example: print last :mylist Explained in lesson: Lists butlast listname Outputs all the items of listname except for the last item Example: print butlast :mylist Explained in lesson: Accessing the list item index listname Outputs the indexlist item of the list or array Example: print item 1 :mylist Explained in lesson: Accessing the list pick index listname Outputs one item from a list, at random Example: print pick :mylist Explained in lesson: Accessing the list Math sum X Y Will sum x+y Example: print sum 2 3 Explained in lesson: Variables minus X Y return the distance between x and y x-y Example: print minus 8 2 random X Will choose a random number between 0 - (X-1)' Example: cs print sum random 10 3 Explained in lesson: Colors and printing modulo expr expr Outputs the remainder (modulus). For remainder and % the result has the same sign as the first input; for modulo the result has the same sign as a the second input. Example: cs print modulo 10 3 power expr expr 3 power 4 = 81 Example: show power 3 4 Receivers readword Prompt the user for a line of input. The result (including spaces) is the single word output. Example: make "name (readword [What is your name?]) show :name Explained in lesson: Interactive readlist Prompt the user for a line of input. The result is a list of words. Example: make "colors (readlist [Type some colors:]) show :colors Predicates word thing , word? thing Returns true (1) or false (0) if thing is a word Example: show word "hello listp thing , list? thing Returns true (1) or false (0) if thing is a list Example: print listp [1 2 3] arrayp thing , array? thing Returns true (1) or false (0) if thing is an array Example: print arrayp array 2 numberp thing , number? thing Returns true (1) or false (0) if thing is a number Example: print numberp 25 emptyp thing , empty? thing Test if thing is an empty list or empty string. Example: print emptyp [] equalp expr expr , equal? expr expr Test if xper expr are equal. Example: equalp "no "yes notequalp expr expr , notequal? expr expr Test if xper expr are not equal. Example: notequalp "no "yes beforep thing1 , before? thing1 Test string collation order. Example: print before? "bye "hi substringp thing1 thing2 , substring? thing1 thing2 Test if thing1 is a substring of thing2. Example: print substringp "hello "helloworld © 2025 All Rights Reserved. Turtle Academy. Contacts Turtle support: Contact form Support 101mastrman - 3 minuty temu 101mastrman - 1 second ago 101mastrman - 1 second ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 24 seconds ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 1 minute ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 1 minute ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 enter your message here 101mastrman - 3 minuty temu 101mastrman - 1 second ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 24 seconds ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 4 minuty temu cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 5 minut temu cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 enter your message here markdown cheatsheet Turtle Motion naprzód X , np X Przesuwa zółwia o x punktów Example: naprzód 50 Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle wstecz X , ws X Żółw do tyłu x punktów Example: wstecz 50 Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle lewo X , lw X Obróć żółwia w lewo x stopni Example: lewo 90 Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle prawo X , pw X Rotate the turtle right x degrees Example: prawo 90 Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle początek Przesuwa żółwia na środek, wskazującego w górę Example: początek Explained in lesson: Turtle world ux NUM_x Move turtle to the specified X location Example: ux 100 Explained in lesson: Turtle world uy NUM_y Move turtle to the specified Y location Example: uy 200 Explained in lesson: Turtle world uxy NUM_X NUM_Y , set pos [ NUM_X NUM_Y ] Przenieś żółwia w określone miejsce Example: uxy 100 100 Explained in lesson: Turtle world ustawkierunek , uk Obróć żółwia w określonym kierunku Example: sh 145 Explained in lesson: Turtle world łuk ANGLE RADIUS Narysuje łuk o promieniu PROMIEŃ I kącie KĄT Example: ARC 360 5 Explained in lesson: Turtle world ellipse WIDTH HEIGHT Will create an ellipse with Width and height Example: ellipse 80 90 Turtle Motion Queries poz Wyświetla bieżącą pozycję żółwia odpowiednio jako [x y], x lub y Example: poz Explained in lesson: The turtle answer xpoz Wyświetla bieżącą pozycję żółwia odpowiednio jako [x y], x lub y Example: xpoz Explained in lesson: The turtle answer ypoz Wyświetla bieżącą pozycję żółwia odpowiednio jako [x y], x lub y Example: ypoz Explained in lesson: The turtle answer kierunek Wyświetla bieżący kurs żółwia Example: kierunek Explained in lesson: The turtle answer do Wyprowadza kurs w kierunku określonych współrzędnych [x y] Example: do Explained in lesson: The turtle answer Turtle and Window Control pokażżółwia , pz Pokaż żółwia Example: uz czekaj pz Explained in lesson: Controlling the Turtle and Pen ukryjżółwia , uz Ukryj żółwia Example: ukryjżółwia Explained in lesson: Controlling the Turtle and Pen czyść , cs Will clear the screen Example: np 60 czyść Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle wróć , cs Wyczyści ekran i przesunie żółwia do punktu wyjścia Example: cs Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle zamaluj Does a paint bucket flood fill at the turtle's position Example: cs powtórz 4 [ np 50 pw 90 ] pod uxy 50 50 opu zamaluj Explained in lesson: Background wypełniony fillcolor [ statements ... ] Wykonuj polecenia bez rysowania, ale śledząc ruchy żółwia. Po zakończeniu wypełnij obszar narysowany przez żółwia kolorem wypełnienia i obrysuj obszar bieżącym stylem pisaka Example: wypełniony "blue [repeat 4 [fd 100 pw 90]] Explained in lesson: Background napis expr Draw a word (same logic as print) on the graphics display at the turtle location Example: napis "logo uz Explained in lesson: Background ustawwysokośćetykiety expr Set the height for text drawn by label, in pixels Example: ustawwysokośćetykiety 100 napis "Logo uz Explained in lesson: Background envolver If the turtle moves off the edge of the screen it will continue on the other side Example: cs envolver np 800 Explained in lesson: The turtle borders ventana The turtle can move past the edges of the screen, unbounded. Example: cs ventana np 600 pw 90 np 100 pw 90 np 70 Explained in lesson: The turtle borders valla If the turtle attempts to move past the edge of the screen it will stop. Example: cs valla np 600 pw 90 np 100 pw 90 np 70 Explained in lesson: The turtle borders Turtle and Window Queries shownp , shown? Outputs 1 if the turtle is shown, 0 if the turtle is hidden Example: show shown? Explained in lesson: Interactive labelsize Outputs the height of text drawn by label, in pixels Example: show labelsize Explained in lesson: Interactive Pen and Background Control podnieśpisak , pod Żółw przestaje zostawiać ślad Example: podnieśpisak Explained in lesson: Controlling the Turtle and Pen opuśćpisak , opu Żółw zostawi ślad Example: opuśćpisak Explained in lesson: Controlling the Turtle and Pen ustawkolor X , ustawkolorpisaka X Will set the turtle color accroding to the following table 0: czarny 1: niebieski 2: limonka 3: cyjan 4: czerwony 5: magenta 6: żółty 7: biały 8: brązowy 9: tangens 10: zielony 11: akwamaryna 12: łososiowy 13: fioletowy 14: pomarańczowy 15: szary Example: ustawkolor 1 Explained in lesson: Colors and printing ustawkolor [r,g,b] , ustawkolorpisaka [r,g,b] Will set the turtle color accroding to the amount of red , green and blue Example: ustawkolor [50 100 50] ustawgrubość X , ustawgrubośćpisaka X Will set the pen width to X Example: ustawgrubość 4 np 50 Explained in lesson: The pen width cambiarforma X or STR , cf X or STR Will change the turtle to another shape accordin to the following 0 = "turtle", 1 = "cat", 2 = "fish", 3 = "dog", 4 = "horse", 5 = "tiger", 6 = "crab", 7 = "snail" Example: cf 1 or cf "dog Explained in lesson: Turtle world Pen Queries pendownp , pendown? Outputs 1 if the pen is down, 0 otherwise Example: show pendown? Explained in lesson: Interactive pencolor , pc Outputs the current pen color. This will be a CSS color string, not necessarily the value passed in. Example: show pencolor Explained in lesson: Interactive pensize Outputs a two element list with the pen width and height (usually the same). Example: show pensize Explained in lesson: Interactive Procedure Definition oto PROCNAME inputs ... statements ... end Zdefiniuj nową nazwaną procedurę z opcjonalnymi parametrami Example: oto TURTLE powtórz 4 [ np 50 pw 90] już Explained in lesson: The turtle is learning define PROCNAME inputs ... statements ... end Define a new named procedure with optional inputs Example: define "star [[n][repeat 5 [fd :n pw 144]]] def PROCNAME Outputs the definition of a named procedure as a string Example: show def "star Variable Definition ustaw varname expr Update a variable or define a new global variable. The variable name must be quoted Example: ustaw "foo 5 Explained in lesson: Variables name expr varname Like make but with the inputs reversed Example: name 5 "myvar Explained in lesson: No lesson yet localmake varname expr Define a variable in the local scope (shortcut for local then make Example: localmake "myvar 5 Explained in lesson: No lesson yet : VARNAME , thing VARNAME Outputs the value of variable. :foo is a shortcut for thing "foo Example: show thing "myvar Explained in lesson: Variables Control Structures powtórz X [ statements ... ] Repeat statements X times Example: powtórz 4 [ np 50 pw 90] Explained in lesson: Loops dla controllist [ statements ...] Typowe dla pętli. Lista kontrolna określa trzy lub cztery elementy: lokalną nazwę zmiennej, wartość początkową, wartość maksymalną i opcjonalną wartość kroku Example: dla [i 1 10 1] [print :i] Explained in lesson: The for loop powtórzrazy Wyświetla bieżący numer iteracji bieżącego powtórzenia lub pętli bez końca Example: powtórz 4 [ powtórzrazy ] jeśli expr [statement] Execute statment if expressoin is true Example: jeśli 2>1 [print "hello] jeśliinaczej expr [statementTrue] [statementFalse] Execute StatementTrue if tru else execute statementFalse Example: jeśliinaczej 0>1 [print "true] [print "false] test expr Test the specified expression save the result in the local scope for the subsequent use by iftrue iffalse Example: test 3>4 jeśliprawda [print "true] jeślifałsz [print "false] jeśliprawda [statements] Example: test 3>4 jeśliprawda [print "true] jeślifałsz [print "false] jeślifałsz [statements]] Example: test 3>4 jeśliprawda [print "true] jeślifałsz [print "false] czekaj X Will cause the turtle to wait X ( 60ths of seconds ) time before executing the command Example: powtórz 4 [ czekaj 10 np 50] Explained in lesson: Hi wait adios Ternimante the program Example: adios dotimes [varname times] [ statements ...] Run the statements the specified number of times. The variable varname is set to the current iteration number. Example: dotimes [ i 5 ] [ show :i * :i ] do.while [ statements ...] expr Runs the specified statements at least once, and repeats while the expression is non-zero (true). Example: do.while [ ustaw "a losowy 10 show :a ] :a < 8 while [expr] [ statements ...] Runs the specified statements only while the expression remains non-zero (true). Example: while (random 2) = 0 [ show "zero ] show "one do.until [ statements ...] [expr] Runs the specified statements at least once, and repeats while the expression is zero (false). Example: do.until [ ustaw "a losowy 10 show :a ] :a < 8 until [expr] [ statements ...] Runs the specified statements only while the expression remains zero (false). Example: until (random 2) = 0 [ show "one ] show "zero Listy lista thing1 thing2 ... Utwórz nową listę z danych wejściowych Example: ustaw "mylist (list "turtle "academy) Explained in lesson: Listy pierwszy listname Wyświetla pierwszy element z listy Example: pisz pierwszy :mylist Explained in lesson: Listy pozapierwszym listname Wyświetla wszystkie elementy listy z wyjątkiem pierwszego elementu Example: pisz pozapierwszym :mylist Explained in lesson: Accessing the list ostatni listname Wyświetla ostatni element z listy Example: pisz ostatni :mylist Explained in lesson: Listy pozaostatnim listname Wyświetla wszystkie elementy listy z wyjątkiem ostatniego elementu Example: pisz pozaostatnim :mylist Explained in lesson: Accessing the list pozycja index listname Wyświetla element o określonym numerze z listy lub tablicy Example: pisz pozycja 1 :mylist Explained in lesson: Accessing the list wybierz index listname Wyświetla losowo jeden element z listy Example: pisz wybierz :mylist Explained in lesson: Accessing the list Matematyka suma X Y Will sum x+y Example: pisz suma 2 3 Explained in lesson: Variables minus X Y return the distance between x and y x-y Example: pisz minus 8 2 losowy X Will choose a random number between 0 - (X-1)' Example: cs pisz suma losowy 10 3 Explained in lesson: Colors and printing modulo expr expr Wyprowadza resztę (modulus). Dla pozostałych % wynik ma taki sam znak jak pierwsza liczba; dla modulo wynik ma taki sam znak jak druga liczba. Example: cs pisz modulo 10 3 power expr expr 3 power 4 = 81 Example: show power 3 4 Receivers leerpalabra Prompt the user for a line of input. The result (including spaces) is the single word output. Example: ustaw "name (readword [What is your name?]) show :name Explained in lesson: Interactive leerlista Prompt the user for a line of input. The result is a list of words. Example: ustaw "colors (readlist [Type some colors:]) show :colors Predicates word thing , word? thing Returns true (1) or false (0) if thing is a word Example: show word "hello listp thing , list? thing Returns true (1) or false (0) if thing is a list Example: pisz listp [1 2 3] arrayp thing , array? thing Returns true (1) or false (0) if thing is an array Example: pisz arrayp array 2 numberp thing , number? thing Returns true (1) or false (0) if thing is a number Example: pisz numberp 25 emptyp thing , empty? thing Test if thing is an empty list or empty string. Example: pisz emptyp [] equalp expr expr , equal? expr expr Test if xper expr are equal. Example: equalp "no "yes notequalp expr expr , notequal? expr expr Test if xper expr are not equal. Example: notequalp "no "yes beforep thing1 , before? thing1 Test string collation order. Example: pisz before? "bye "hi substringp thing1 thing2 , substring? thing1 thing2 Test if thing1 is a substring of thing2. Example: pisz substringp "hello "helloworld © 2025 Wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone. Akademia Żółwia. Kontakty Wsparcie Żółwia: Contact form Wsparcie Links O Akademii Wspomóż Faq Privacy Policy Terms of service

Turtle Academy Lessons Programs Playground Challenges News anamachromics English Program 1 1 cool 2 smart 3 awsome 4 fantastic 5 nice 6 game player 7 ghost 8 army 9 black ops 10 fast 11 10 12 worn 13 good 14 4th grade 15 red 16 sun 17 big cats 18 lion 19 tiger 20 cheetah 21 leaperd 22 100% 23 rare 24 calone 25 never have 0-50 26 ​ 15lducheine You rated this program as Program total score is: 10 Output image 101mastrman - 1 second ago 101mastrman - 1 second ago 101mastrman - 1 second ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 24 seconds ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 1 minute ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 1 minute ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 enter your message here 101mastrman - 36 seconds ago 101mastrman - 1 second ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 24 seconds ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 1 minute ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 2 minutes ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 enter your message here markdown cheatsheet Turtle Motion forward X , fd X Moves the turtle x points Example: forward 50 Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle back X , bk X The turtle backs x points Example: back 50 Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle left X , lt X Rotate the turtle left x degrees Example: left 90 Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle right X , rt X Rotate the turtle right x degrees Example: right 90 Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle home Moves the turtle to center, pointing upwards Example: home Explained in lesson: Turtle world setx NUM_x Move turtle to the specified X location Example: setx 100 Explained in lesson: Turtle world sety NUM_y Move turtle to the specified Y location Example: sety 200 Explained in lesson: Turtle world setxy NUM_X NUM_Y , set pos [ NUM_X NUM_Y ] Move turtle to the specified location Example: setxy 100 100 Explained in lesson: Turtle world setheading , seth Rotate the turtle to the specified heading Example: sh 145 Explained in lesson: Turtle world arc ANGLE RADIUS Will create an arc distance RADIUS covering ANGLE angle Example: ARC 360 5 Explained in lesson: Turtle world ellipse WIDTH HEIGHT Will create an ellipse with Width and height Example: ellipse 80 90 Turtle Motion Queries pos Outputs the current turtle position as [ x y ], x or y respectively Example: pos Explained in lesson: The turtle answer xcor Outputs the current turtle position as [ x y ], x or y respectively Example: xcor Explained in lesson: The turtle answer ycor Outputs the current turtle position as [ x y ], x or y respectively Example: ycor Explained in lesson: The turtle answer heading Outputs the current turtle heading Example: heading Explained in lesson: The turtle answer towards Outputs the heading towards the specified [ x y ] coordinates Example: towards Explained in lesson: The turtle answer Turtle and Window Control showturtle , st Show the turtle Example: ht wait st Explained in lesson: Controlling the Turtle and Pen hideturtle , ht Hide the turtle Example: hideturtle Explained in lesson: Controlling the Turtle and Pen clean , cs Will clear the screen Example: fd 60 clean Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle clearscreen , cs Will clear the screen and return the turtle home Example: cs Explained in lesson: Logo's turtle fill Does a paint bucket flood fill at the turtle's position Example: cs repeat 4 [ fd 50 rt 90 ] pu setxy 50 50 pd fill Explained in lesson: Background filled fillcolor [ statements ... ] Execute statements without drawing but keeping track of turtle movements. When complete, fill the region traced by the turtle with fillcolor and outline the region with the current pen style Example: filled "blue [repeat 4 [fd 100 rt 90]] Explained in lesson: Background label expr Draw a word (same logic as print) on the graphics display at the turtle location Example: label "logo ht Explained in lesson: Background setlabelheight expr Set the height for text drawn by label, in pixels Example: setlabelheight 100 label "Logo ht Explained in lesson: Background wrap If the turtle moves off the edge of the screen it will continue on the other side Example: cs wrap fd 800 Explained in lesson: The turtle borders window The turtle can move past the edges of the screen, unbounded. Example: cs window fd 600 rt 90 fd 100 rt 90 fd 70 Explained in lesson: The turtle borders fence If the turtle attempts to move past the edge of the screen it will stop. Example: cs fence fd 600 rt 90 fd 100 rt 90 fd 70 Explained in lesson: The turtle borders Turtle and Window Queries shownp , shown? Outputs 1 if the turtle is shown, 0 if the turtle is hidden Example: show shown? Explained in lesson: Interactive labelsize Outputs the height of text drawn by label, in pixels Example: show labelsize Explained in lesson: Interactive Pen and Background Control penup , pu Turtle stops leaving a trail Example: penup Explained in lesson: Controlling the Turtle and Pen pendown , pd The turtle will leave a trail Example: pendown Explained in lesson: Controlling the Turtle and Pen setcolor X , setpencolor X Will set the turtle color accroding to the following table 0: black 1: blue 2: lime 3: cyan 4: red 5: magenta 6: yellow 7: white 8: brown 9: tan 10: green 11: aquamarine 12: salmon 13: purple 14: orange 15: gray Example: setcolor 1 Explained in lesson: Colors and printing setcolor [r,g,b] , setpencolor [r,g,b] Will set the turtle color accroding to the amount of red , green and blue Example: setcolor [50 100 50] setwidth X , setpensize X Will set the pen width to X Example: setwidth 4 fd 50 Explained in lesson: The pen width changeshape X or STR , csh X or STR Will change the turtle to another shape accordin to the following 0 = "turtle", 1 = "cat", 2 = "fish", 3 = "dog", 4 = "horse", 5 = "tiger", 6 = "crab", 7 = "snail" Example: csh 1 or csh "dog Explained in lesson: Turtle world Pen Queries pendownp , pendown? Outputs 1 if the pen is down, 0 otherwise Example: show pendown? Explained in lesson: Interactive pencolor , pc Outputs the current pen color. This will be a CSS color string, not necessarily the value passed in. Example: show pencolor Explained in lesson: Interactive pensize Outputs a two element list with the pen width and height (usually the same). Example: show pensize Explained in lesson: Interactive Procedure Definition to PROCNAME inputs ... statements ... end Define a new named procedure with optional inputs Example: to TURTLE repeat 4 [ fd 50 rt 90] end Explained in lesson: The turtle is learning define PROCNAME inputs ... statements ... end Define a new named procedure with optional inputs Example: define "star [[n][repeat 5 [fd :n rt 144]]] def PROCNAME Outputs the definition of a named procedure as a string Example: show def "star Variable Definition make varname expr Update a variable or define a new global variable. The variable name must be quoted Example: make "foo 5 Explained in lesson: Variables name expr varname Like make but with the inputs reversed Example: name 5 "myvar Explained in lesson: No lesson yet localmake varname expr Define a variable in the local scope (shortcut for local then make Example: localmake "myvar 5 Explained in lesson: No lesson yet : VARNAME , thing VARNAME Outputs the value of variable. :foo is a shortcut for thing "foo Example: show thing "myvar Explained in lesson: Variables Control Structures repeat X [ statements ... ] Repeat statements X times Example: repeat 4 [ fd 50 rt 90] Explained in lesson: Loops for controllist [ statements ...] Typical for loop. The controllist specifies three or four members: the local varname, start value, limit value, and optional step size Example: for [i 1 10 1] [print :i] Explained in lesson: The for loop repcount Outputs the current iteration number of the current repeat or forever Example: repeat 4 [ repcount ] if expr [statement] Execute statment if expressoin is true Example: if 2>1 [print "hello] ifelse expr [statementTrue] [statementFalse] Execute StatementTrue if tru else execute statementFalse Example: ifelse 0>1 [print "true] [print "false] test expr Test the specified expression save the result in the local scope for the subsequent use by iftrue iffalse Example: test 3>4 iftrue [print "true] iffalse [print "false] iftrue [statements] Example: test 3>4 iftrue [print "true] iffalse [print "false] iffalse [statements]] Example: test 3>4 iftrue [print "true] iffalse [print "false] wait X Will cause the turtle to wait X ( 60ths of seconds ) time before executing the command Example: repeat 4 [ wait 10 fd 50] Explained in lesson: Hi wait bye Ternimante the program Example: bye dotimes [varname times] [ statements ...] Run the statements the specified number of times. The variable varname is set to the current iteration number. Example: dotimes [ i 5 ] [ show :i * :i ] do.while [ statements ...] expr Runs the specified statements at least once, and repeats while the expression is non-zero (true). Example: do.while [ make "a random 10 show :a ] :a < 8 while [expr] [ statements ...] Runs the specified statements only while the expression remains non-zero (true). Example: while (random 2) = 0 [ show "zero ] show "one do.until [ statements ...] [expr] Runs the specified statements at least once, and repeats while the expression is zero (false). Example: do.until [ make "a random 10 show :a ] :a < 8 until [expr] [ statements ...] Runs the specified statements only while the expression remains zero (false). Example: until (random 2) = 0 [ show "one ] show "zero Lists list thing1 thing2 ... Create a new list from the inputs Example: make "mylist (list "turtle "academy) Explained in lesson: Lists first listname Outputs the first item from the list Example: print first :mylist Explained in lesson: Lists butfirst listname Outputs all the items of listname except for the first item Example: print butfirst :mylist Explained in lesson: Accessing the list last listname Outputs the last item from the list Example: print last :mylist Explained in lesson: Lists butlast listname Outputs all the items of listname except for the last item Example: print butlast :mylist Explained in lesson: Accessing the list item index listname Outputs the indexlist item of the list or array Example: print item 1 :mylist Explained in lesson: Accessing the list pick index listname Outputs one item from a list, at random Example: print pick :mylist Explained in lesson: Accessing the list Math sum X Y Will sum x+y Example: print sum 2 3 Explained in lesson: Variables minus X Y return the distance between x and y x-y Example: print minus 8 2 random X Will choose a random number between 0 - (X-1)' Example: cs print sum random 10 3 Explained in lesson: Colors and printing modulo expr expr Outputs the remainder (modulus). For remainder and % the result has the same sign as the first input; for modulo the result has the same sign as a the second input. Example: cs print modulo 10 3 power expr expr 3 power 4 = 81 Example: show power 3 4 Receivers readword Prompt the user for a line of input. The result (including spaces) is the single word output. Example: make "name (readword [What is your name?]) show :name Explained in lesson: Interactive readlist Prompt the user for a line of input. The result is a list of words. Example: make "colors (readlist [Type some colors:]) show :colors Predicates word thing , word? thing Returns true (1) or false (0) if thing is a word Example: show word "hello listp thing , list? thing Returns true (1) or false (0) if thing is a list Example: print listp [1 2 3] arrayp thing , array? thing Returns true (1) or false (0) if thing is an array Example: print arrayp array 2 numberp thing , number? thing Returns true (1) or false (0) if thing is a number Example: print numberp 25 emptyp thing , empty? thing Test if thing is an empty list or empty string. Example: print emptyp [] equalp expr expr , equal? expr expr Test if xper expr are equal. Example: equalp "no "yes notequalp expr expr , notequal? expr expr Test if xper expr are not equal. Example: notequalp "no "yes beforep thing1 , before? thing1 Test string collation order. Example: print before? "bye "hi substringp thing1 thing2 , substring? thing1 thing2 Test if thing1 is a substring of thing2. Example: print substringp "hello "helloworld © 2025 All Rights Reserved. Turtle Academy. Contacts Turtle support: Contact form Support

101mastrman - 1 second ago 101mastrman - 1 second ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 24 seconds ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 1 minute ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 1 minute ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 enter your message here

101mastrman - 1 second ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50 101mastrman - 24 seconds ago cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50

cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50

cool smart awsome fantastic nice game player ghost army black ops fast 10 worn good 4th grade red sun big cats lion tiger cheetah leaperd 100% rare calone never have 0-50